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- $Unique_ID{BRK03911}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Korsakoff's Syndrome}
- $Subject{Korsakoff's Syndrome Beriberi Thiamine Deficiency Vitamin B-1
- Deficiency Endemic Polyneuritis Nutritional Neuropathy Wet Beriberi Beriberi
- Heart Disease Shoshin Beriberi Dry Beriberi Neuropathic Beriberi Atrophic
- Beriberi Paralytic Beriberi Cerebral Beriberi Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Acute Hemorrhagic Polioencephalitis Wernicke's (C) I Syndrome Gayet-Wernicke
- Syndrome Korsakoff Psychosis Ship Beriberi Infantile Beriberi Primary Beriberi
- Secondary Beriberi }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 168:
- Korsakoff's Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Korsakoff's syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Beriberi
- Thiamine Deficiency
- Vitamin B-1 Deficiency
- Endemic Polyneuritis
- Nutritional Neuropathy
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS:
-
- Wet Beriberi, also known Beriberi Heart Disease and Shoshin Beriberi
- Dry Beriberi, also known as Neuropathic Beriberi, Atrophic Beriberi and
- Paralytic Beriberi
- Cerebral Beriberi, also known as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Acute
- Hemorrhagic Polioencephalitis, including Wernicke's (C) I Syndrome, also
- known as Gayet-Wernicke Syndrome, and Korsakoff Psychosis
- Ship Beriberi
- Infantile Beriberi
- Primary Beriberi
- Secondary Beriberi
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or
- treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this
- disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed
- in the "Resources" section of this report.
-
-
- Korsakoff's syndrome is a deficiency of vitamin B-1 (or thiamine) which
- causes cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous system disturbances.
- The disease results from either inadequate dietary intake or from impaired
- absorption or utilization of vitamin B-1. It is common in the Orient where
- excessive milling of rice reduces its thiamine content.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Early symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome include fatigue, irritation, poor
- memory, difficulty sleeping, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, poor appetite
- and constipation. Later symptoms are principally cardiovascular and
- neurological.
-
- Changes in the functioning of the peripheral nervous system (the motor
- and sensory nerves serving muscle, skin, and internal organs) are known as
- Dry Beriberi and affect primarily the legs and feet. The senses of touch,
- pressure, temperature, pain, position and vibration become progressively
- impaired in the toes and feet. The calf muscles have frequent cramps and
- become tender. The leg muscles become progressively weaker and atrophied,
- and the feet and toes become paralyzed. Reflexes such as ankle and knee
- jerks disappear. Eventually, the arms may become involved.
-
- In acute cases of thiamine deficiency superimposed on Chronic Beriberi,
- Cerebral Beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome) can result. It is
- characterized by psychotic symptoms known as Korsakoff's psychosis and by
- degeneration of other brain functioning known as Wernicke's encephalopathy.
- In Korsakoff's psychosis there is mental confusion, and the fabrication of
- imaginary events to fill in gaps in the memory. Other encephalopathic
- symptoms include nystagmus (an involuntary, rapid movement of the eyes,
- almost resembling a tremor), paralysis of the eye muscles, coma and death if
- untreated. Cerebral Beriberi usually occurs in thiamine deficiencies
- related to alcoholism.
-
- Korsakoff's syndrome which involves primarily the cardiovascular system
- is known as Wet Beriberi. Congestive heart failure due to weakness of the
- heart leads to excessive accumulation of blood in the lungs (pulmonary
- congestion) and body tissues. This in turn causes edema (swelling) of the
- tissues which can be severe, difficulty breathing and further stress on the
- heart.
-
- Infantile Beriberi occurs in infants who depend on breast feeding from
- thiamine deficient mothers. Symptoms appear during the 2nd to 4th months of
- life and include heart failure, a lack of deep tendon reflexes such as the
- knee jerk, and a lack of voice.
-
- Ship Beriberi refers to Korsakoff's syndrome that used to occur
- primarily on Norwegian ships. It is characterized by edema and relatively
- few neurological symptoms.
-
- Causes
-
- Korsakoff's syndrome results from a deficiency of thiamine, or vitamin B-l,
- which is necessary for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates. Inadequate
- intake of thiamine results in Primary Beriberi and occurs most often in
- people who subsist on milled, or polished, rice (i.e., in the Orient).
-
- Secondary thiamine deficiency results from increased requirements,
- impaired absorption or impaired utilization. Thiamine requirements increase
- during pregnancy, lactation, hyperthyroid disease and fever. Chronic
- diarrhea is the usual cause of poor thiamine absorption. The body cannot
- properly use thiamine in severe liver disease. Korsakoff's syndrome is
- often associated with severe alcoholism because alcoholics tend to eat few
- thiamine containing foods, absorb and utilize the vitamin poorly, and
- require larger than normal amounts of it. Frequent, prolonged, or highly
- concentrated dextrose (a form of sugar) infusions without vitamin
- supplementation are also associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Populations subsisting on milled, or polished, rice, alcoholics, and persons
- receiving dextrose for long periods of time intravenously (without vitamin
- supplementation) are susceptible to Korsakoff's syndrome.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- In mild cases of Korsakoff's syndrome, thiamine is given orally; in severe
- cases, it is given intravenously. Very rarely, a severe allergic reaction
- develops after intravenous administration of thiamine.
-
- Edema associated with Wet Beriberi responds well to bed rest in addition
- to thiamine.
-
- Boiling rice before removing husks rather than milling it while raw
- allows thiamine to saturate the whole grain. In this way the vitamin
- remains in the diet.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study the genetic mechanism of alcoholic
- organic brain disease. Interested persons may wish to contact:
-
- Dr. Peter R. Martin
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
- A-2205 MCN
- Nashville, TN 37232
- (614) 322-3527
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Korsakoff's syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service
- Alcohol, Drug Abuse, Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- 5600 Fishers Land
- Rockville, MD 20892
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th ed., Robert Berkow, M.D., ed in chief, published by
- Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Labs, Rahway, NJ, 1987. Pp. 932, 1330, 1364.
-
- THE CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden and Lloyd
- H. Smith, Jr., Eds; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 28, 2084, 2138.
-
-